Most Popular Books by Steven Pinker

"A brilliant, witty, and altogether satisfying book." — New York Times Book Review The classic work on the development of human language by the world’s leading expert on language and the mind In The Language Instinct, the world''s expert on language and mind lucidly explains everything you always wanted to know about language: how it works, how children learn it, how it changes, how the brain computes it, and how it evolved. With deft use of examples of humor and wordplay, Steven Pinker weaves our vast knowledge of language into a compelling story: language is a human instinct, wired into our brains by evolution. The Language Instinct received the William James Book Prize from the American Psychological Association and the Public Interest Award from the Linguistics Society of America. This edition includes an update on advances in the science of language since The Language Instinct was first published.

This New York Times bestseller is an exciting and fearless investigation of language from the author of Rationality, The Better Angels of Our Nature and The Sense of Style and Enlightenment Now. "Curious, inventive, fearless, naughty." --The New York Times Book Review Bestselling author Steven Pinker possesses that rare combination of scientific aptitude and verbal eloquence that enables him to provide lucid explanations of deep and powerful ideas. His previous books - including the Pulitzer Prize finalist The Blank Slate - have catapulted him into the limelight as one of today''s most important popular science writers. In The Stuff of Thought, Pinker presents a fascinating look at how our words explain our nature. Considering scientific questions with examples from everyday life, The Stuff of Thought is a brilliantly crafted and highly readable work that will appeal to fans of everything from The Selfish Gene and Blink to Eats, Shoots & Leaves.

In this influential study, Steven Pinker develops a new approach to the problem of language learning. Now reprinted with new commentary by the author, this classic work continues to be an indispensable resource in developmental psycholinguistics.

Explains what the mind is, how it evolved, and how it allows us to see, think, feel, laugh, interact, enjoy the arts, and ponder the mysteries of life.

A brilliant inquiry into the origins of human nature from the author of Rationality, The Better Angels of Our Nature, and Enlightenment Now. "Sweeping, erudite, sharply argued, and fun to read..also highly persuasive." --Time Finalist for the Pulitzer Prize Updated with a new afterword One of the world''s leading experts on language and the mind explores the idea of human nature and its moral, emotional, and political colorings. With characteristic wit, lucidity, and insight, Pinker argues that the dogma that the mind has no innate traits-a doctrine held by many intellectuals during the past century-denies our common humanity and our individual preferences, replaces objective analyses of social problems with feel-good slogans, and distorts our understanding of politics, violence, parenting, and the arts. Injecting calm and rationality into debates that are notorious for ax-grinding and mud-slinging, Pinker shows the importance of an honest acknowledgment of human nature based on science and common sense.

"If you are not already a Steven Pinker addict, this book will make you one." -- Jared Diamond In Words and Rules, Steven Pinker explores profound mysteries of language by picking a deceptively simple phenomenon -- regular and irregular verbs -- and examining it from every angle. With humor and verve, he covers an astonishing array of topics in the sciences and humanities, from the history of languages to how to simulate languages on computers to major ideas in the history of Western philosophy. Through it all, Pinker presents a single, powerful idea: that language comprises a mental dictionary of memorized words and a mental grammar of creative rules. The idea extends beyond language and offers insight into the very nature of the human mind. This is a sparkling, eye-opening, and utterly original book by one of the world''s leading cognitive scientists.

INSTANT NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER A NEW YORK TIMES NOTABLE BOOK OF 2018 ONE OF THE ECONOMIST''S BOOKS OF THE YEAR "My new favorite book of all time." --Bill Gates If you think the world is coming to an end, think again: people are living longer, healthier, freer, and happier lives, and while our problems are formidable, the solutions lie in the Enlightenment ideal of using reason and science. By the author of the new book, Rationality. Is the world really falling apart? Is the ideal of progress obsolete? In this elegant assessment of the human condition in the third millennium, cognitive scientist and public intellectual Steven Pinker urges us to step back from the gory headlines and prophecies of doom, which play to our psychological biases. Instead, follow the data: In seventy-five jaw-dropping graphs, Pinker shows that life, health, prosperity, safety, peace, knowledge, and happiness are on the rise, not just in the West, but worldwide. This progress is not the result of some cosmic force. It is a gift of the Enlightenment: the conviction that reason and science can enhance human flourishing. Far from being a naïve hope, the Enlightenment, we now know, has worked. But more than ever, it needs a vigorous defense. The Enlightenment project swims against currents of human nature--tribalism, authoritarianism, demonization, magical thinking--which demagogues are all too willing to exploit. Many commentators, committed to political, religious, or romantic ideologies, fight a rearguard action against it. The result is a corrosive fatalism and a willingness to wreck the precious institutions of liberal democracy and global cooperation. With intellectual depth and literary flair, Enlightenment Now makes the case for reason, science, and humanism: the ideals we need to confront our problems and continue our progress.

NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER “In our uncertain age, which can so often feel so dark and disturbing, Steven Pinker has distinguished himself as a voice of positivity.” – New York Times Can reading a book make you more rational? Can it help us understand why there is so much irrationality in the world? Steven Pinker, author of Enlightenment Now (Bill Gates’s "new favorite book of all time”) answers all the questions here Today humanity is reaching new heights of scientific understanding--and also appears to be losing its mind. How can a species that developed vaccines for Covid-19 in less than a year produce so much fake news, medical quackery, and conspiracy theorizing? Pinker rejects the cynical cliché that humans are simply irrational--cavemen out of time saddled with biases, fallacies, and illusions. After all, we discovered the laws of nature, lengthened and enriched our lives, and set out the benchmarks for rationality itself. We actually think in ways that are sensible in the low-tech contexts in which we spend most of our lives, but fail to take advantage of the powerful tools of reasoning we’ve discovered over the millennia: logic, critical thinking, probability, correlation and causation, and optimal ways to update beliefs and commit to choices individually and with others. These tools are not a standard part of our education, and have never been presented clearly and entertainingly in a single book--until now. Rationality also explores its opposite: how the rational pursuit of self-interest, sectarian solidarity, and uplifting mythology can add up to crippling irrationality in a society. Collective rationality depends on norms that are explicitly designed to promote objectivity and truth. Rationality matters. It leads to better choices in our lives and in the public sphere, and is the ultimate driver of social justice and moral progress. Brimming with Pinker’s customary insight and humor, Rationality will enlighten, inspire, and empower.

Faced with the ceaseless stream of news about war, crime, and terrorism, one could easily think this is the most violent age ever seen. Yet as bestselling author Pinker shows in this startling and engaging new work, just the opposite is true.

“Charming and erudite," from the author of Rationality and Enlightenment Now, "The wit and insight and clarity he brings . . . is what makes this book such a gem.” —Time.com Why is so much writing so bad, and how can we make it better? Is the English language being corrupted by texting and social media? Do the kids today even care about good writing—and why should we care? From the author of The Better Angels of Our Nature and Enlightenment Now. In this entertaining and eminently practical book, the cognitive scientist, dictionary consultant, and New York Times–bestselling author Steven Pinker rethinks the usage guide for the twenty-first century. Using examples of great and gruesome modern prose while avoiding the scolding tone and Spartan tastes of the classic manuals, he shows how the art of writing can be a form of pleasurable mastery and a fascinating intellectual topic in its own right. The Sense of Style is for writers of all kinds, and for readers who are interested in letters and literature and are curious about the ways in which the sciences of mind can illuminate how language works at its best.

A classic book about language acquisition and conceptual structure, with a new preface by the author, "The Secret Life of Verbs." Before Steven Pinker wrote bestsellers on language and human nature, he wrote several technical monographs on language acquisition that have become classics in cognitive science. Learnability and Cognition, first published in 1989, brought together two big topics: how do children learn their mother tongue, and how does the mind represent basic categories of meaning such as space, time, causality, agency, and goals? The stage for this synthesis was set by the fact that when children learn a language, they come to make surprisingly subtle distinctions: pour water into the glass and fill the glass with water sound natural, but pour the glass with water and fill water into the glass sound odd. How can this happen, given that children are not reliably corrected for uttering odd sentences, and they don''t just parrot back the correct ones they hear from their parents? Pinker resolves this paradox with a theory of how children acquire the meaning and uses of verbs, and explores that theory''s implications for language, thought, and the relationship between them. As Pinker writes in a new preface, "The Secret Life of Verbs," the phenomena and ideas he explored in this book inspired his 2007 bestseller The Stuff of Thought: Language as a Window into Human Nature. These technical discussions, he notes, provide insight not just into language acquisition but into literary metaphor, scientific understanding, political discourse, and even the conceptions of sexuality that go into obscenity.

Bestselling author Steven Pinker''s early works on language acquisition have become classics in cognitive science. This BIT offers Pinker''s look back at this work and two pivotal chapters from Learnability and Cognition.

Why do so many swear words involve sex, bodily functions and religion? Why are some words rude and others aren''t? Why can launching into expletives be so shocking - and sometimes so amusing? Steven Pinker takes us on a fascinating and funny journey through the world of profanities, taken from his bestselling The Stuff of Thought, to show us why we swear (whatever our language or culture), how taboos change and how we use obscenities in different ways. You''ll discover that in Québecois French the expression ''Tabernacle'' is outrageous, that the Middle Ages were littered with four-letter words, that ''scumbag'' has a very unsavoury origin and that in a certain Aboriginal language every word is filthy when spoken in front of your mother-in-law. Covering everything from free speech to Tourette''s, from pottymouthed celebrities to poetry, this book reveals what swearing tells us about how our minds work. (It''s also a bloody good read).

Language, Cognition, and Human Nature collects together for the first time much of Steven Pinker''s most influential scholarly work on language and cognition. Pinker''s seminal research explores the workings of language and its connections to cognition, perception, social relationships, child development, human evolution, and theories of human nature. This eclectic collection spans Pinker''s thirty-year career, exploring his favorite themes in greater depth and scientific detail. It includes thirteen of Pinker''s classic articles, ranging over topics such as language development in children, mental imagery, the recognition of shapes, the computational architecture of the mind, the meaning and uses of verbs, the evolution of language and cognition, the nature-nurture debate, and the logic of innuendo and euphemism. Each outlines a major theory or takes up an argument with another prominent scholar, such as Stephen Jay Gould, Noam Chomsky, or Richard Dawkins. Featuring a new introduction by Pinker that discusses his books and scholarly work, this collection reflects essential contributions to cognitive science by one of our leading thinkers and public intellectuals.

From the Enlightenment onwards, the West has had an enduring belief that through the evolution of institutions, innovations, and ideas, the human condition is improving. This process is supposedly accelerating as new technologies, individual freedoms, and the spread of global norms empower individuals and societies around the world. But is progress inevitable? Its critics argue that human civilization has become different, not better, over the last two and a half centuries. What is seen as a breakthrough or innovation in one period becomes a setback or limitation in another. In short, progress is an ideology not a fact; a way of thinking about the world as opposed to a description of reality. So is the cup half full or half empty? As part of the Munk Debates series, held in Toronto biannually, pioneering cognitive scientist Steven Pinker and bestselling author Matt Ridley squared off against noted philosopher Alain de Botton and bestselling author Malcolm Gladwell, giving us an entertaining and thought-provoking face-off between four of the world''s most renowned thinkers.

Progress. It is one of the animating concepts of the modern era. From the Enlightenment onwards, the West has had an enduring belief that through the evolution of institutions, innovations, and ideas, the human condition is improving. This process is supposedly accelerating as new technologies, individual freedoms, and the spread of global norms empower individuals and societies around the world. But is progress inevitable? Its critics argue that human civilization has become different, not better, over the last two and a half centuries. What is seen as a breakthrough or innovation in one period becomes a setback or limitation in another. In short, progress is an ideology not a fact; a way of thinking about the world as opposed to a description of reality. In the seventeenth semi-annual Munk Debates, which was held in Toronto on November 6, 2015, pioneering cognitive scientist Steven Pinker and bestselling author Matt Ridley squared off against noted philosopher Alain de Botton and bestselling author Malcolm Gladwell to debate whether humankind’s best days lie ahead.

David Crystal''s How Language Works is a fascinating tour through the world of language from one of today''s most renowned experts. It ranges over everything from how children learn to read to what makes words rude or polite, from eyebrow flashes to whistling languages. Unlocking the secrets of communication in an accessible, entertaining way, this exhilarating book sheds light on the endless mysteries of the language we speak, write and read every day.

Com profundidade analítica e talento literário, Steven Pinker defende a razão, a ciência e o humanismo, os ideais de que precisamos para enfrentar os nossos problemas e dar continuidade ao nosso progresso. Em O novo Iluminismo, uma original avaliação da condição humana no terceiro milênio, o cientista cognitivo Steven Pinker nos incita a rechaçar manchetes alarmistas e profecias apocalípticas, que vicejam nos dias atuais e influenciam nossa visão de mundo. Com 75 gráficos impressionantes, ele demostra que a vida, a saúde, a prosperidade, a segurança, a paz, o conhecimento e a felicidade estão em ascensão, não apenas no Ocidente, mas em todo o mundo. Para Pinker, esse progresso é uma herança do Iluminismo: a convicção de que a razão e a ciência podem impulsionar o florescimento humano — e, mais do que nunca, elas precisam de uma defesa vigorosa. Nadando contra as correntes da natureza humana exploradas por demagogos — tribalismo, autoritarismo, demonização, pensamento mágico —, o projeto iluminista é atacado por religiosos, políticos e intelectuais pessimistas que insistem que a civilização ocidental passa por um inexorável processo de declínio. Mas basta olhar os dados: eles indicam que, com o avanço do conhecimento, as pessoas estão de fato vivendo mais e melhor. Sem negar que nossos tempos são atribulados, Steven Pinker não hesita em apontar o caminho para as soluções: reforçar o ideal iluminista de usar a razão e a ciência para resolver problemas. "A mente de Steven Pinker ostenta uma inteligência aguda, um conhecimento profundo e uma enorme solidariedade humana." — Richard Dawkins "Um livro excepcional, escrito com lucidez e na hora certa, repleto de dados que sustentam uma eloquente defesa do humanismo racional." — The New York Times Book Review

Cientista que compartilha o dom da clareza com C. Sagan e O. Sacks, Pinker expõe aqui uma visão revolucionária e explica, por exemplo, o que acontece na mente quando uma pessoa ama, toma decisões, assiste à TV ou se emociona com uma música. Como as crianças aprendem sobre o mundo que as rodeia? Como tomamos decisões ou enfrentamos riscos? O que diferencia os gênios do comum dos mortais? Amor, confiança, sensibilidade, decepção, criatividade - quais os mecanismos por trás desses e de e outros processos que tomam conta de nossas mentes diariamente? Neste livro extraordinário, o psicólogo e cientista cognitivo Steven Pinker conduz o leitor com maestria por duas grandes teorias: o evolucionismo de Darwin e a moderna ciência cognitiva. Através do uso de exemplos do cotidiano e de uma argumentação lúcida, em estilo cativante e acessível, Pinker mostra como podemos estar bem próximos de uma das últimas fronteiras do conhecimento - a mente humana.

Pour beaucoup, le monde est au bord du gouffre, menacé par le terrorisme, les guerres, les migrations et les apocalypses. Pourtant, jamais l’humanité n’a vécu une période aussi paisible et heureuse : chiffres à l’appui, ce livre montre que la santé, la prospérité, la sécurité et la paix sont en hausse dans le monde entier. Ce progrès est un legs du siècle des Lumières, animé par des idéaux puissants : la raison, la science et l’humanisme. C’est peut-être le plus grand succès de l’histoire de l’humanité. Cependant, plus que jamais, ces valeurs ont besoin d’une défense vigoureuse. Car le projet des Lumières va à contre-courant de la nature humaine, de ses tendances au tribalisme, à l’autoritarisme et à la pensée magique : autant de biais qui nourrissent les populismes et les dérives religieuses. Steven Pinker remonte aux sources de la peur : les humains sont-ils intrinsèquement irrationnels ? L’avenir est-il menacé par l’épuisement des ressources ? Comment juguler les dangers climatiques ? Avons-nous besoin de la religion pour fonder une morale ? Faut-il avoir peur de l’intelligence artificielle ? Etc. Avec rigueur, profondeur et, souvent, humour, Steven Pinker propose ici un plaidoyer pour la raison, la science et l’humanisme. Ces idéaux sont nécessaires pour relever les défis d’aujourd’hui et avancer sur la voie du progrès. Car le catastrophisme est dangereux pour la démocratie et la coopération mondiale.

Comprendre l''irrationalité du monde et devenir soi-même plus rationnel. Dans le domaine scientifique, l''humanité ne cesse de progresser. Mais partout ailleurs, elle semble perdre la tête. Comment une espèce capable d''explorer Mars et de développer des vaccins en moins d''un an peut-elle produire autant de fake news et de théories du complot, qui prolifèrent même dans les milieux les plus éduqués ? L''humain est-il un animal irrationnel et incorrigible, victime d''illusions et d''erreurs de raisonnement ? Steven Pinker prend le contre-pied des idées reçues. Non, les humains ne sont pas dominés par leurs instincts. Depuis les chasseurs-cueilleurs, nous sommes dotés d''un cerveau capable de résoudre des problèmes complexes. Au cours des millénaires, l''espèce humaine a ainsi mis au point des outils de raisonnement d''une extraordinaire efficacité. Le problème, c''est que personne, ni aucune école, ne nous apprend à raisonner. Et qu''il ne suffit pas d''être intelligent pour être rationnel ! Formidable pédagogue, Steven Pinker nous expose avec clarté et humour les outils de raisonnement à notre disposition, si utiles dans un monde menacé par l''irrationalité. Aussi, ce livre est à la fois un antidote pour affronter les temps troublés et un manuel d''autodéfense intellectuelle. " Dans une époque qui semble sombre et angoissante, Steven Pinker apporte un regard incroyablement constructif et positif. " The New York Times

En esta obra fascinante, Steven Pinker nos aporta una versión totalmente distinta de cómo funciona la mente: a través del lenguaje, y nos muestra cómo nuestras palabras pueden revelar el corazón mismo de la naturaleza humana. Nuestros lenguajes tienen un modelo de sexualidad inscrito en ellos, así como modelos de poder, intimidad y comercio. En nuestro lenguaje existe una teoría del espacio (muy distinta de las teorías del espacio provenientes de la física) y también una teoría del tiempo y de la causalidad. Mediante un pormenorizado estudio del habla cotidiana –nuestras conversaciones, chistes o litigios legales- Pinker traza una elocuente panorámica de los pensamientos y emociones que rigen nuestras vidas mentales. Como los anteriores best-sellers del autor, El mundo de las palabras está escrito con el estilo que ha proporcionado a sus obras popularidad y aceptación en todo el mundo. Pinker sabe cómo explicar ideas complejas de manera inteligente y clara, con irreverente agudeza, y empleando de manera magistral ejemplos propios de la cultura popular y la vida cotidiana. Vinculado con La tabla rasa y otras obras en las que el autor analiza la naturaleza humana y su carácter moral, emocional y político, este texto nos enseña qué podemos aprender de nuestro modo de ser a partir de la manera en que expresamos con palabras lo que pensamos y lo que sentimos.

Más que nunca, la moneda de nuestra vida social y cultural es la palabra escrita, desde Twitter y mensajes de texto hasta blogs, libros electrónicos y libros analógicos. Pero la mayoría de las guías de estilo no preparan a las personas para los desafíos de la escritura en el siglo XXI, representándolas como un campo minado de errores graves en lugar de una forma de dominio placentero. No logran lidiar con un hecho ineludible sobre el lenguaje: cambia con el tiempo, es adaptado por millones de escritores y oradores a sus necesidades. Cambios confusos en un mundo con declive moral en el que cada generación cree que los niños de hoy están degradando a la sociedad y se denostando el lenguaje. Una guía para el nuevo milenio, escribe Steven Pinker, tiene que ser diferente.

Na era das fake news, o livro de Steven Pinker mostra como as ferramentas da racionalidade podem ajudar a solucionar os graves problemas que ameaçam nossa saúde, nossa democracia e nosso planeta. A humanidade vem alcançando novos patamares de compreensão científica — mas, ao mesmo tempo, também parece estar enlouquecendo. Como é possível que a mesma espécie que em menos de um ano desenvolveu vacinas contra a covid-19 produza tantas notícias falsas, charlatanismo médico e teorias da conspiração? Como resposta, Steven Pinker rejeita o cinismo do lugar-comum de que os humanos são simplesmente irracionais — habitantes das cavernas anacrônicos, cheios de preconceitos, falácias e ilusões. Afinal, compreendemos inúmeras leis da natureza, prolongamos nosso tempo de vida e estabelecemos os referenciais da própria racionalidade. Mas, se pensamos de maneira sensata nos contextos de baixa tecnologia em que passamos a maior parte da vida, por que não tiramos proveito das poderosas ferramentas de raciocínio que desvendamos ao longo dos milênios, como lógica, pensamento crítico, probabilidade, correlação e causalidade? Por que parecemos ignorar estratégias eficientes para modernizar nossas crenças, além de incapazes de nos comprometermos com nossas escolhas individuais e coletivas? Infelizmente, essas ferramentas não fazem parte de nossa formação e nunca foram apresentadas de forma nítida e divertida em um único livro — até agora. Em Racionalidade, Pinker também explora seu oposto: como a busca racional pelos interesses pessoais, pela solidariedade sectária e pela mitologia edificante pode resultar em uma irracionalidade social paralisante. A racionalidade coletiva depende de normas explicitamente projetadas para promover a objetividade e a verdade e é muito importante: leva a melhores escolhas em nossa vida e, na esfera pública, é o principal motor da justiça social e do progresso moral. Repleto do humor e da perspicácia habituais ao autor, este é um livro que ilumina, inspira e emancipa.

En Los ángeles que llevamos dentro, Steven Pinker nos expone las investigaciones que ha llevado a cabo sobre la preponderancia de la violencia a lo largo de la historia. Estas investigaciones le han llevado a concluir que, pese a las guerras actuales, vivimos en una época en la que la violencia ha disminuido enormemente respecto de tiempos pasados. Disfrutamos la paz de la que gozamos ahora porque las generaciones pasadas vivieron atenazadas por la violencia y ello les obligó a esforzarse para ponerle límites, y en el mundo contemporáneo somos nosotros quienes debemos trabajar para ponerle fin. No debemos dejarnos llevar por el optimismo pero, al menos, ahora sabemos que este es un objetivo que está a nuestro alcance.

Si creías que el mundo estaba llegando a su fin, esto te interesa: vivimos más años y la salud nos acompaña, somos más libres y, en definitiva, más felices; y aunque los problemas a los que nos enfrentamos son extraordinarios, las soluciones residen en el ideal de la Ilustración: el uso de la razón y la ciencia. En esta elegante evaluación de la condición humana en el tercer milenio, el científico cognitivo e intelectual Steven Pinker nos insta a ver con otra perspectiva los titulares alarmistas y las profecías de la perdición que juegan con nuestros prejuicios psicológicos. En cambio, haciendo uso de datos empíricos, muestra que la vida, la salud, la prosperidad, la seguridad, la paz, el conocimiento y la felicidad van en aumento, no solo en Occidente, sino en todo el mundo. Este progreso no es el resultado de alguna fuerza cósmica. Es un regalo de la Ilustración: la convicción de que la razón y la ciencia pueden mejorar el florecimiento humano. Lejos de ser una esperanza ingenua, la Ilustración, ahora lo sabemos, ha funcionado. Pero hoy más que nunca necesita que la defendamos con vigor. Con profundidad intelectual y estilo literario, En defensa de la Ilustración defiende la razón, la ciencia y el humanismo: los ideales que necesitamos para enfrentar nuestros problemas y continuar nuestro progreso.

Kniha Jazykový instinkt oceňovaného experimentálního psychologa a kognitivního vědce Stevena Pinkera pojednává o tom, jakým způsobem si lidé osvojují rodný či další jazyk a co to vůbec znamená. Svůj postoj zakládá na popularizaci revolučních myšlenek amerického filosofa Noama Chomského týkajících se jazyka jako vrozené schopnosti mozku a rozvíjí je kontroverzní tezí, že my jako lidský druh vlastníme evoluční mentální modul pro tuto schopnost. Jazyk je vrozený instinkt a všechny jazyky na světě prokazují známky jediné univerzální gramatiky jediného jazyka mysli neboli vrozené „mentálštiny“. Na té je založeno učení se rodnému jazyku u dětí, což Pinker vysvětluje mnoha příklady z výzkumů, kdy děti projevují znalosti jazyka, které se nemohly naučit pouhým poslechem dospělých. Navíc popisuje svůj pohled na roli vrozenosti a kultury, co myslí pojmem „univerzální lidé“, rozebírá význam termínů „hloubkové“ a „povrchové struktury“, postuluje svůj názor na instituce zabývající se hlídáním stavu a čistoty jazyka a jazykové znalce, odpovídá na nářky o zkaženosti a úpadku jazyka a obhajuje slang poukazem na jeho bohatství a expresivnost.