Most Popular Books by Rene Descartes

René Descartes menawarkan visi tentang alam semesta, yang terlihat ataupun tidak; tentang sifat esensial kita dan hubungan kita dengan seluruh alam semesta; dan tentang jalan yang bisa kita ambil untuk menguasai bagian-bagian yang penting bagi kita. Salah satu bagian dari alam semesta yang sangat berarti adalah kehidupan emosional kita sendiri, karena sebagian besar kepuasan kita dalam hidup akhirnya bergantung pada seberapa baik kita menguasainya. Secara garis besar, buku Gairah Jiwa yang berisi risalah-risalah Descartes ini mengajak kita untuk menelusuri sekaligus memahami kehidupan emosional kita: Mengapa terkadang kita bersedih dan bergembira? Bagaimana bisa kita benci dan marah? Apa yang mendorong kita dermawan? Mengapa kita selalu jatuh pada jurang kesalahan yang sama? Itulah pertanyaan-pertanyaan besar yang oleh Descartes dijawab dengan jawaban-jawaban yang sangat memukau dan tak pernah kita temukan sebelumnya. Selain itu, buku ini sangat sarat dengan nilai-nilai moral yang senantiasa akan menghantarkan kita pada puncak moralitas kehidupan yang senyatanya dan sesungguhnya. Gairah Jiwa—perlu dan penting untuk Anda baca.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting One''s Reason and of Seeking Truth in the Sciences (French: Discours de la Méthode Pour bien conduire sa raison, et chercher la vérité dans les sciences) is a philosophical and autobiographical treatise published by René Descartes in 1637. It is best known as the source of the famous quotation "Je pense, donc je suis" (English: "I think, therefore I am", or "I am thinking, therefore I exist"), which occurs in Part IV of the work. A similar argument, without this precise wording, is found in Meditations on First Philosophy (1641), and a Latin version of the same statement Cogito, ergo sum is found in Principles of Philosophy (1644). Discourse on the Method is one of the most influential works in the history of modern philosophy, and important to the development of natural sciences.[2] In this work, Descartes tackles the problem of skepticism, which had previously been studied by other philosophers. While addressing some of his predecessors and contemporaries, Descartes modified their approach to account for a truth he found to be incontrovertible; he started his line of reasoning by doubting everything, so as to assess the world from a fresh perspective, clear of any preconceived notions. The book was originally published in Leiden, in the Netherlands. Later, it was translated into Latin and published in 1656 in Amsterdam. The book was intended as an introduction to three works: Dioptrique, Météores and Géométrie. La Géométrie contains Descartes''s initial concepts that later developed into the Cartesian coordinate system. The text was written and published in French rather than Latin, the latter being the language in which most philosophical and scientific texts were written and published at that time. Most of Descartes'' other works were written in Latin.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Rene Descartes Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason, and Seeking Truth in the Sciences by Rene Descartes The Discourse on the Method (French: Discours de la methode) is a philosophical and autobiographical treatise published by Rene Descartes in 1637. Its full name is Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting One''s Reason and of Seeking Truth in the Sciences (French title: Discours de la methode pour bien conduire sa raison, et chercher la verite dans les sciences). The Discourse on The Method is best known as the source of the famous quotation "Je pense, donc je suis" ("I think, therefore I am"), which occurs in Part IV of the work. Good sense is, of all things among men, the most equally distributed; for every one thinks himself so abundantly provided with it, that those even who are the most difficult to satisfy in everything else, do not usually desire a larger measure of this quality than they already possess. And in this it is not likely that all are mistaken the conviction is rather to be held as testifying that the power of judging aright and of distinguishing truth from error, which is properly what is called good sense or reason, is by nature equal in all men; and that the diversity of our opinions, consequently, does not arise from some being endowed with a larger share of reason than others, but solely from this, that we conduct our thoughts along different ways, and do not fix our attention on the same objects. For to be possessed of a vigorous mind is not enough; the prime requisite is rightly to apply it. The greatest minds, as they are capable of the highest excellences, are open likewise to the greatest aberrations; and those who travel very slowly may yet make far greater progress, provided they keep always to the straight road, than those who, while they run, forsake it.

Meditations on First Philosophy (subtitled In which the existence of God and the immortality of the soul are demonstrated) is a philosophical treatise by René Descartes first published in 1641 (in Latin). The French translation (by the Duke of Luynes with Descartes'' supervision) was published in 1647 as Méditations Metaphysiques. The original Latin title is Meditationes de prima philosophia, in qua Dei existentia et animæ immortalitas demonstratur. The title may contain a misreading by the printer, mistaking animae immortalitas for animae immaterialitas, as suspected already by A. Baillet.The book is made up of six meditations, in which Descartes first discards all belief in things that are not absolutely certain, and then tries to establish what can be known for sure. He wrote the meditations as if he had meditated for six days: each meditation refers to the last one as "yesterday" (In fact, Descartes began work on the Meditations in 1639) One of the most influential philosophical texts ever written, it is widely read to this day.The Meditations consist of the presentation of Descartes'' metaphysical system in its most detailed level and in the expanding of Descartes'' philosophical system, which he first introduced in the fourth part of his Discourse on Method (1637). Descartes'' metaphysical thought is also found in the Principles of Philosophy (1644), which the author intended to be a philosophy guidebook.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Discours de la méthode by René Descartes Lorsque les cendres de DESCARTES, né en France et mort en Suède, furent rapportées, seize ans après sa mort, de Stockholm à Paris; lorsque tous les savants, rassemblés dans un temple, rendoient à sa dépouille des honneurs qu''il n''obtint jamais pendant sa vie, et qu''un orateur se préparait à louer devant cette assemblée le grand homme qu''elle regrettait, tout-à-coup il vint un ordre qui défendit de prononcer cet éloge funèbre. Sans doute on pensoit alors que les grands seuls ont droit aux éloges publics; et l''on craignit de donner à la nation l''exemple dangereux d''honorer un homme qui n''avoit eu que le mérite et la distinction du génie. Je viens, après cent ans, prononcer cet éloge. Puisse-t-il ètre digne et de celui à qui il est offert, et des sages qui vont l''entendre! Peut-ètre au siècle de Descartes on étoit encore trop près de lui pour le bien louer. Le temps seul juge les philosophes comme les rois, et les met à leur place.

Descartes concibe la redacción de Meditaciones metafísicas desde el mismo momento en que decide presentar al público su conocida obra El discurso del método, al final de la cual propone a los lectores que le comuniquen sus impresiones en torno a la teoría del conocimiento que allí expone. Así es que en 1641, cuatro años después de la publicación de El discurso del método, da a conocer su nueva obra, la que abre con una serie de respuestas a las réplicas de los lectores que considera dignos de su atención. En general la temática expuesta en esta obra se desarrolla en torno a las cosas que pueden ponerse en duda: la naturaleza de la mente humana, la existencia de Dios, la esencia de las cosas materiales (y por ende el cuerpo), la validez de los conceptos de verdadero y falso. Al tiempo que elabora una discusión sobre cada uno de estos motivos, se sirve también de todos ellos para demostrar que la razón es la única garantía para acceder al conocimiento verdadero.

Le Discours de la méthode, publié en 1637, est le premier texte philosophique écrit par René Descartes et le premier ouvrage qui traite du sujet en langue française (par opposition à la tradition scientifique de l''époque de rédiger en latin).

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Mit den "Principia Philosophiae" (1644) gab René Descartes der Welt den Vorblick auf eine neue Physik; nicht die Inhalte, aber das Modell seiner von der Intuition ausgehenden, mathematischen Grundsätzen folgenden und hypothetisch operierenden Erklärung aller Naturerscheinungen setzte sich durch. Daß Descartes – im Anschluß an den "Discours de la méthode" (1637) und die "Meditationes de prima philosophia" (1641) – mit der Veröffentlichung der "Principia" die Zäsur setzte, die seinen Rang als erster Denker der "Philosophie der Neuzeit" begründete, ist ein Topos der Philosophiegeschichte. Uneinigkeit besteht aber bis heute unter den Biographen und Interpreten über die Frage, ob Descartes selbst sich dessen bewußt war, daß alle Aussagen bzw. Erkenntnisse über das Geschehen in der Natur notwendig hypothetisch bleiben (unter metaphysischem Aspekt) und dennoch (sofern methodisch gewonnen) die Wirklichkeit treffen und berechenbar machen. Oder ob er in den "Principia" nur deshalb darauf verfiel, alle seine Aussagen über die Prinzipien der körperlichen Dinge, die sichtbare Welt und die Erde in bloß hypothetischer Form vorzutragen, um der Verfolgung durch die Inquisition zu entgehen. Diese neue, zweisprachige Ausgabe der philosophiegeschichtlich Epoche machenden Schrift bietet neben dem lateinischen Originaltext und der völlig neu erstellten, terminologischen Unterscheidungen genau Rechnung tragenden Übersetzung erstmals auch eine umfassende Erschließung der von Descartes herangezogen Quellen, d. i. der zeitgenössischen Publikationen zur Untersuchung von Naturphänomenen, die wir heute – seit Descartes – als physikalische oder naturwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen einordnen können.

Philosopher and mathematician René Descartes is regarded as the father of modern philosophy for defining a starting point for existence, "I think; therefore I am."René Descartes was born on March 31, 1596, in La Haye, France. He was extensively educated, first at a Jesuit college at age 8, then earning a law degree at 22, but an influential teacher set him on a course to apply mathematics and logic to understanding the natural world. This approach incorporated the contemplation of the nature of existence and of knowledge itself, hence his most famous observation, "I think; therefore I am."

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Betrachtungen über die Grundlagen der Philosophie Rene Descartes - René Descartes (1596-1650) war ein französischer Philosoph, Naturwissenschaftler und Mathematiker. 1641 erschien erstmals sein epochales Werk »Betrachtungen über die Grundlagen der Philosophie«, in dem Descartes in sechs Meditationen neue Erkenntnistheorien aufführt, u.a. über die Natur des menschlichen Geistes und über das Dasein Gottes.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Règles pour la direction de l''esprit (+Biographie et Bibliographie) (6X9po Finition Couverture Brillante): Les Règles pour la direction de l''esprit, composées entre 1628 et 1629, et publiées à titre posthume, constituent le premier grand texte philosophique de Descartes (1596-1650). Par ces règles, l''auteur vise à expliciter le mode de résolution de l''ensemble des questions qui peuvent se poser à l''homme, et à manifester la foncière unité de l''esprit, d''une manière qui annonce le Discours de la méthode (1637). La méthode y est présentée comme mise en ordre des natures, et les principales opérations de l''esprit, intuition et déduction, y sont exposées. Conjointement, Descartes formule le projet de mathesis universalis, cette science universelle qui, en tant que science générale de l''ordre et de la mesure, doit permettre de résoudre l''ensemble des questions, et pas seulement celles qui sont mathématisables au sens strict. Autant de thèmes qui font de l''étude des Règles le complément de celle du Discours de la méthode.

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If this Discourse appear too long to be read at once, it may be divided into six Parts: and, in the first, will be found various considerations touching the Sciences; in the second, the principal rules of the Method which the Author has discovered, in the third, certain of the rules of Morals which he has deduced from this Method; in the fourth, the reasonings by which he establishes the existence of God and of the Human Soul, which are the foundations of his Metaphysic; in the fifth, the order of the Physical questions which he has investigated, and, in particular, the explication of the motion of the heart and of some other difficulties pertaining to Medicine, as also the difference between the soul of man and that of the brutes; and, in the last, what the Author believes to be required in order to greater advancement in the investigation of Nature than has yet been made, with the reasons that have induced him to write.

El Discurso del método y las Meditaciones metafísicas son obras de plenitud mental. Exceptuando algunos diálogos de Platón, no hay libro alguno que las supere en profundidad y en variedad de intereses y sugestiones. Inauguran la filosofía moderna; abren nuevos cauces a la ciencia; iluminan los rasgos esenciales de la literatura y del carácter francés; en suma, son la autobiografía espiritual de un ingenio superior, que representa, en grado máximo, las más nobles cualidades de una raza noble.

If this Discourse appear too long to be read at once, it may be divided into six Parts: and, in the first, will be found various considerations touching the Sciences; in the second, the principal rules of the Method which the Author has discovered, in the third, certain of the rules of Morals which he has deduced from this Method; in the fourth, the reasonings by which he establishes the existence of God and of the Human Soul, which are the foundations of his Metaphysic; in the fifth, the order of the Physical questions which he has investigated, and, in particular, the explication of the motion of the heart and of some other difficulties pertaining to Medicine, as also the difference between the soul of man and that of the brutes; and, in the last, what the Author believes to be required in order to greater advancement in the investigation of Nature than has yet been made, with the reasons that have induced him to write...

Good sense is, of all things among men, the most equally distributed; for every one thinks himself so abundantly provided with it, that those even who are the most difficult to satisfy in everything else, do not usually desire a larger measure of this quality than they already possess. And in this it is not likely that all are mistaken the conviction is rather to be held as testifying that the power of judging aright and of distinguishing truth from error, which is properly what is called good sense or reason, is by nature equal in all men; and that the diversity of our opinions, consequently, does not arise from some being endowed with a larger share of reason than others, but solely from this, that we conduct our thoughts along different ways, and do not fix our attention on the same objects. For to be possessed of a vigorous mind is not enough; the prime requisite is rightly to apply it.