Best Selling Books by John Rawls

Since it appeared in 1971, John Rawls''s A Theory of Justice has become a classic. The author has now revised the original edition to clear up a number of difficulties he and others have found in the original book. Rawls aims to express an essential part of the common core of the democratic tradition--justice as fairness--and to provide an alternative to utilitarianism, which had dominated the Anglo-Saxon tradition of political thought since the nineteenth century. Rawls substitutes the ideal of the social contract as a more satisfactory account of the basic rights and liberties of citizens as free and equal persons. "Each person," writes Rawls, "possesses an inviolability founded on justice that even the welfare of society as a whole cannot override." Advancing the ideas of Rousseau, Kant, Emerson, and Lincoln, Rawls''s theory is as powerful today as it was when first published.

Few aspects of American military history have been as vigorously debated as Harry Truman''s decision to use atomic bombs against Japan. In this carefully crafted volume, Michael Kort describes the wartime circumstances and thinking that form the context for the decision to use these weapons, surveys the major debates related to that decision, and provides a comprehensive collection of key primary source documents that illuminate the behavior of the United States and Japan during the closing days of World War II. Kort opens with a summary of the debate over Hiroshima as it has evolved since 1945. He then provides a historical overview of thye events in question, beginning with the decision and program to build the atomic bomb. Detailing the sequence of events leading to Japan''s surrender, he revisits the decisive battles of the Pacific War and the motivations of American and Japanese leaders. Finally, Kort examines ten key issues in the discussion of Hiroshima and guides readers to relevant primary source documents, scholarly books, and articles.

This book originated as lectures for a course on political philosophy that Rawls taught regularly at Harvard in the 1980s. In time the lectures became a restatement of his theory of justice as fairness, revised in light of his more recent papers and his treatise Political Liberalism (1993). As Rawls writes in the preface, the restatement presents "in one place an account of justice as fairness as I now see it, drawing on all [my previous] works." He offers a broad overview of his main lines of thought and also explores specific issues never before addressed in any of his writings. Rawls is well aware that since the publication of A Theory of Justice in 1971, American society has moved farther away from the idea of justice as fairness. Yet his ideas retain their power and relevance to debates in a pluralistic society about the meaning and theoretical viability of liberalism. This book demonstrates that moral clarity can be achieved even when a collective commitment to justice is uncertain.

This work consists of two parts: The Idea of Public Reason Revisited and The Law of Peoples. Taken together, they are the culmination of more than 50 years of reflection on liberalism and on some pressing problems of our times.

John Rawls’s work on justice has drawn more commentary and aroused wider attention than any other work in moral or political philosophy in the twentieth century. Rawls is the author of two major treatises, A Theory of Justice (1971) and Political Liberalism (1993); it is said that A Theory of Justice revived political philosophy in the English-speaking world. But before and after writing his great treatises Rawls produced a steady stream of essays. Some of these essays articulate views of justice and liberalism distinct from those found in the two books. They are important in and of themselves because of the deep issues about the nature of justice, moral reasoning, and liberalism they raise as well as for the light they shed on the evolution of Rawls’s views. Some of the articles tackle issues not addressed in either book. They help identify some of the paths open to liberal theorists of justice and some of the knotty problems which liberal theorists must seek to resolve. A complete collection of John Rawls’s essays is long overdue.

This last book by the late John Rawls, derived from written lectures and notes for his long-running course on modern political philosophy, offers readers an account of the liberal political tradition from a scholar viewed by many as the greatest contemporary exponent of the philosophy behind that tradition. Rawls''s goal in the lectures was, he wrote, "to identify the more central features of liberalism as expressing a political conception of justice when liberalism is viewed from within the tradition of democratic constitutionalism." He does this by looking at several strands that make up the liberal and democratic constitutional traditions, and at the historical figures who best represent these strands--among them the contractarians Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau; the utilitarians Hume, Sidgwick, and J. S. Mill; and Marx regarded as a critic of liberalism. Rawls''s lectures on Bishop Joseph Butler also are included in an appendix. Constantly revised and refined over three decades, Rawls''s lectures on these figures reflect his developing and changing views on the history of liberalism and democracy--as well as how he saw his own work in relation to those traditions. With its clear and careful analyses of the doctrine of the social contract, utilitarianism, and socialism--and of their most influential proponents--this volume has a critical place in the traditions it expounds. Marked by Rawls''s characteristic patience and curiosity, and scrupulously edited by his student and teaching assistant, Samuel Freeman, these lectures are a fitting final addition to his oeuvre, and to the history of political philosophy as well.

The premier political philosopher of his day, John Rawls, in three decades of teaching at Harvard, has had a profound influence on the way philosophical ethics is approached and understood today. This book brings together the lectures that inspired a generation of students--and a regeneration of moral philosophy. It invites readers to learn from the most noted exemplars of modern moral philosophy with the inspired guidance of one of contemporary philosophy''s most noteworthy practitioners and teachers. Central to Rawls''s approach is the idea that respectful attention to the great texts of our tradition can lead to a fruitful exchange of ideas across the centuries. In this spirit, his book engages thinkers such as Leibniz, Hume, Kant, and Hegel as they struggle in brilliant and instructive ways to define the role of a moral conception in human life. The lectures delineate four basic types of moral reasoning: perfectionism, utilitarianism, intuitionism, and--the ultimate focus of Rawls''s course--Kantian constructivism. Comprising a superb course on the history of moral philosophy, they also afford unique insight into how John Rawls has transformed our view of this history.

John Rawls never published anything about his own religious beliefs, but after his death two texts were discovered which shed extraordinary light on the subject. A Brief Inquiry into the Meaning of Sin and Faith is Rawls’s undergraduate senior thesis, submitted in December 1942, just before he entered the army. At that time Rawls was deeply religious; the thesis is a significant work of theological ethics, of interest both in itself and because of its relation to his mature writings. “On My Religion,” a short statement drafted in 1997, describes the history of his religious beliefs and attitudes toward religion, including his abandonment of orthodoxy during World War II. The present volume includes these two texts, together with an Introduction by Joshua Cohen and Thomas Nagel, which discusses their relation to Rawls’s published work, and an essay by Robert Merrihew Adams, which places the thesis in its theological context. The texts display the profound engagement with religion that forms the background of Rawls’s later views on the importance of separating religion and politics. Moreover, the moral and social convictions that the thesis expresses in religious form are related in illuminating ways to the central ideas of Rawls’s later writings. His notions of sin, faith, and community are simultaneously moral and theological, and prefigure the moral outlook found in Theory of Justice.

"Selected Tanner lectures on moral philosophy."--T.p.

Politieke en wijsgerige beschouwing over rechtvaardigheid: het hoofdwerk van de Amerikaanse rechtsfilosoof (1921-2002).

Neste livro, John Rawls reformula a ideia de uma "sociedade bem-ordenada". Esta sociedade já não é mais interpretada como unida por suas crenças morais fundamentais, e sim por sua concepção política de justiça. A justiça como equidade é agora entendida como um exemplo de tal concepção; e que seja capaz de se converter no objeto de um consenso sobreposto significa que pode ser acatada pelas principais doutrinas religiosas, filosóficas e morais que subsistem ao longo do tempo em uma sociedade bem-ordenada. Tal consenso, Rawls supõe, representa a unidade social que mais possivelmente está ao alcance em um regime democrático constitucional. Esta edição inclui o ensaio "A ideia de razão pública revisitada", que esboça o plano que Rawls tinha de revisar O liberalismo político e que sua morte interrompeu de forma abrupta.

Pocas obras de filosofía política o moral han producido en lo que va de siglo un impacto comparable al de Una Teoría de la Justicia de John Rawls. Desde su aparición en 1971 ha sido objeto de un estudio masivo, convirtiéndose en el centro de buena parte de las discusiones actuales sobre problemas de filosofía moral y política. El pensamiento de Rawls ha inyectado nueva vitalidad a la tradición del contrato social de los siglos XVII y XVIII, y constituye un ambicioso intento de elaborar una teoría coherente sobre las bases de legitimación de un régimen democrático, en la que se armonizan exigencias de libertad, igualdad y solidaridad. Como alternativa al utilitarismo, dominante en el mundo anglosajón, Rawls defiende una concepción de la justicia que se inscribe dentro de la tradición del pensamiento liberal. Pero, integrando en ella un fuerte ingrediente igualitario, de distancia de las corrientes neoliberales conservadoras que han empezado a proliferar al calor de la crisis del llamado «Estado del bienestar». La teoría rawlsiana es una obra de larga gestación. Los ensayos aquí reunidos documentan el proceso de formación de la teoría y constituyen piezas indispensables para la correcta interpretación del pensamiento del autor. Junto a artículos como «Justicia como equidad», «El sentido de la Justicia» y «Justicia distributiva», que desempeñaron un papel decisivo en la gestación de Una Teoría de la Justicia, otros más recientes, como el importantísimo dedicado al «Constructivismo kantiano», proporcionan una suerte de autorreflexión del autor en la perspectiva adecuada. El volumen se completa con un estudio introductorio y una relación de los escritos de Rawls, además de una selección de la abundantísima literatura existente sobre su pensamiento. Para esta nueva edición se ha revisado la traducción, se ha completado la bibliografía, y se ha agregado un epílogo del traductor dando cuenta del desarrollo del pensamiento de J. Rawls a partir de A Theory of Justice.

John Rawls es un clásico del pensamiento ético y político del siglo XX. Su Teoría de la justicia (1971) constituye la propuesta más sólida de nuestro tiempo sobre el modo de entender y realizar la justicia distributiva en las sociedades democráticas. A partir de una fundamentación filosófica, deudora de las teorías del contrato social, Rawls formula los princip¡os de la justicia que debería hacer suyos "una sociedad bien ordenada". El objetivo de Rawls es combatir y superar el utilitarismo, anteponiendo el "deber"- o una idea de justicia- al "bien" cuya concepción depende siempre de contingencias particulares. La teoría resultante es, así, una teoría deontológica, de principios universales, muy cercana a la posición de Kant. De los tres principios de la justicia, el primero y prioritario es el de la libertad. Tal aspecto le ha merecido a Rawls sustanciosas críticas que califican a su teoría como una concepción "liberal" de la justicia. El texto que aquí se traduce es la réplica más extensa y elaborada a esas objeciones, a la vez que el intento de reafirmar y dotar de nuevos argumentos a la teoría de la justicia. La introducción ha corrido a cargo de Victoria Camps, catedrática de Ética de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona.

Este libro describe y documenta hechos sobresalientes de la historia general de la ciencia en México a partir de 1912; en especial aquellos que ilustran mejor las tres grandes transformaciones ocurridas en ese lapso en la ciencia mexicana: primero su profesionalización, crecimiento y diversificación, luego su ingreso al discurso oficial y a las decisiones oficiales y, finalmente, su matrimonio con la tecnología. De esa forma, el autor busca dar con las principales razones históricas, sociales, económicas y políticas que explican el subdesarrollo actual de la ciencia mexicana para señalar las ideas que hay que cambiar y los obstáculos que se deben superar.

A trent’anni dalla pubblicazione di Una teoria della giustizia, forse il libro più importante, influente e discusso in ambito filosofico di questi tre decenni, John Rawls presenta la versione definitiva della sua teoria, in un’esposizione insieme più accessibile e rifinita. Giustizia come equità è, come scrive Salvatore Veca nella sua Nota introduttiva, "il frutto maturo della lunga e tenace ricerca filosofica di Rawls che dalla metà degli anni Settanta alla fine del secolo appena concluso si è impegnato puntigliosamente nel riformulare ed esplicitare aspetti importanti della teoria della giustizia, rispondendo ai suoi critici e rivedendo in particolare alcuni errori presenti nella prima formulazione della teoria. La riformulazione della giustizia come equità mira in primo luogo a rendere coerente la teoria normativa e i suoi principi di giustizia per l’assetto delle istituzioni di base della società con la questione del pluralismo come tratto persistente delle società democratiche [...]. Ancora una volta la filosofia politica di Rawls, nella sua riformulazione, chiama in causa la responsabilità intellettuale di chiunque abbia a cuore la qualità della forma di vita democratica"..

El objetivo de las lecciones de Rawls era, según él mismo escribió, «distinguir los elementos fundamentales del liberalismo como expresión de una concepción política de la justicia cuando éste es contemplado desde dentro de la tradición del constitucionalismo democrático». Para ello, examina las diversas corrientes que configuran las tradiciones liberal y democrática constitucional, así como las figuras históricas que mejor representan esas corrientes: entre ellas, los contractualistas Hobbes, Locke y Rousseau; los utilitaristas Hume, Sidgwick y J. S. Mill, y también Marx, en calidad de crítico del liberalismo. También se incluyen en un apéndice las lecciones de Rawls sobre el obispo Joseph Butler. Revisadas y perfeccionadas constantemente a lo largo de tres décadas, las clases magistrales de Rawls acerca de estas figuras reflejan su visión cambiante y en continua evolución sobre la historia del liberalismo y la democracia, así como sobre el lugar ocupado por su propia obra en relación con dichas tradiciones. Marcadas por la paciencia y la curiosidad características de Rawls, y editadas escrupulosamente por Samuel Freeman, estudiante y ayudante docente suyo, estas lecciones constituyen una digna adición final a su obra y, en no menor medida, a la historia de la filosofía política.

« Dans ce travail, je poursuis deux objectifs. L''un consiste à rectifier les erreurs les plus graves de Théorie de la justice, qui ont obscurci les idées principales de la justice comme équité, ainsi que j''ai nommé la conception de la justice présentée dans ce livre. Comme j''ai toujours confiance en ces idées, et que j''estime que les difficultés les plus importantes peuvent être résolues, j''ai entrepris cette reformulation. [...] « L''autre objectif est de mettre en relation, dans le cadre d''une présentation unifiée, la conception de la justice présentée dans Théorie de la justice avec les principales idées qui figurent dans mes essais publiés à partir de 1974. Théorie de la justice est un livre de plus de six cents pages, et les essais les plus importants (qui sont à peu près une dizaine) portent le total à près de mille pages. De plus, les essais ne sont pas parfaitement compatibles entre eux, et les ambiguïtés de l''exposé de certaines idées - par exemple, celle d''un consensus par recoupement - rendent difficile d''y voir une position claire et cohérente. Le lecteur intéressé a droit à une aide pour comprendre la manière dont les essais et Théorie de la justice peuvent se compléter, pour déceler les endroits où les révisions interviennent, et pour apprécier le changement qu''elles représentent. » John Rawls.

Ce livre est considéré dans le monde anglo-saxon comme le texte contemporain le plus important de la philosophie morale et politique. C''est un déli lancé à tous ceux qui pensent que la justice sociale et l''efficacité économique sont incompatibles. Théorie de la justice est un livre de portée universelle, à cause, d''une part, du dialogue qu''il instaure entre deux traditions opposées - Rousseau et Kant confrontés à l''utilitarisme de Mill et de Sidgwick - et, d''autre part, de la rigueur et de la profondeur des analyses qui y sont proposées. C''est, au meilleur sens du terme, un livre de philosophie engagé, donnant aux préoccupations morales et politiques de cette fin du XXe siècle - de la justice sociale à l''écologie, de la politique de l''éducation à la théorie de l''obéissance civile - une armature intellectuelle et une clarté déductive qui leur manquaient. Dans ce livre, souvent difficile mais exaltant, John Rawls a formulé ce qu''on pourrait appeler une charte de la social-démocratie moderne, avec ses forces et ses faiblesses.

Les sociétés contemporaines sont pluralistes, elles doivent réussir à faire vivre ensemble des cultures ou des groupes très divers. Comment concevoir un consensus démocratique qui reste respectueux de cette diversité sans être pour autant une simple rencontre d''intérêts divergents ? Quelle base morale commune faut-il pour que s''édifie et s''entretienne la confiance dans la justice des institutions ? Le célèbre auteur du monumental Théorie de la justice (Seuil, 1987) considéré comme la charte philosophique de la démocratie libérale, approfondit ici sa réflexion dans le sens d''une conception politique de la société multiculturelle.