Most Popular Books by Eric Marshall

Prospective control can be characterized as the ability to anticipate future events and act in an anticipatory manner to arrive at a desired goal. If this process is disturbed, one must actively explore the environment to properly detect new mappings. Virtual environments are able to circumvent the limitations of the physical environment and therefore can aid in determining the boundaries of people''s ability to engage in prospective control. However, it has not been shown that the behaviors exhibited in these contexts are generalizable. Participants'' head motion was recorded while they navigated through a physical or virtual maze. The results indicated main effects of time and segment as well as a time x segment interaction for both yaw and pitch rotations. There was no significant difference between the physical and virtual conditions nor were there any significant interactions involving condition. These changes reflect how behavior is modified to regain prospectivity.

This work is divided into two thematically-related parts:

The concept of the perception-action cycle (the idea that perceptual information guides behavior and that behavior updates perceptual information) is at the heart of much of the research inspired by James Gibson''s Ecological approach to psychology. Inherent in this idea is that the information obtained by the perceptual systems can be used to guide subsequent actions, particularly in a manner that allows for the completion or reaching of some future state or goal -- this has been termed prospective control. What happens when the perceptual information obtained does not support action (or actions that the organism is familiar with)? In a series of studies, I have examined the consequences of disrupting the perception-action cycle on participants'' ability successfully regulate their behavior. Participants were instructed to navigate through a virtual maze (2 dimensional) by moving a virtual pointer controlled by their head motion. I manipulated the relation between their motion and the resultant optical movement in the display (single axis inversion, dual axis inversion, complex dual axis inversion) as well as how much visual structure they were provided. Overall, results indicated that as participants adapted, their motion became more efficient (decrease in time to completion) and more goal directed (prospective, indicated by increases in Hurst exponent). The complex distortion condition elicited a significant amount of motion sickness (46%). I found that participants who became sick did not show an increase in efficiency (increased time to completion) and exhibited more exploratory motion than those who remained well (lower Hurst exponent values). The ability to anticipate or predict the relation between perceptual information and action is necessary for adaptation to occur -- when this ability is not supported performance and physiologic deficits are likely.

This thesis examined the effect of age on sexually offensive behaviour. Research has noted both an increase in the average age of incarcerated offenders and that a higher percentage of older offenders are incarcerated for sexual offences than are younger offenders. Older sexual offenders were initially compared with younger offenders on offender and offence characteristics and these analyses revealed that older sexual offenders had a higher incidence of male victims, a younger victim age, and more intra-familial victims. Phallometric assessments of all sexual offenders were then examined to see whether sexual deviance may account for the differences found between older and younger sexual offenders in victim age and gender. These analyses revealed that the oldest and youngest offenders were more deviant than middle-aged sexual offenders and that the sexual interests of older offenders were more commonly for females. Finally, all subjects were classified as either Historical (offending had ceased, without judicial intervention, at least 7 years prior to incarceration), First-time (incarcerated for a recent sexual offence and no history of sexual offending), or Recidivist sexual offenders (currently incarcerated for a sexual offence and have at least one prior sentencing date for any sexual offence): age accounted for 12% of the variance in categorisation. Fifty-five percent of the sexual offenders age 60 years or more were found to have committed and ceased their offending at least seven years prior to incarceration (i.e., were Historical offenders). The percentage of Recidivist offenders remained relatively consistent across age groups at about 20%. No difference was found in phallometrically assessed sexual deviance between the groups of older offenders.

Børnenes breve til Gud er fulde af ønsker, tvivl, bekendelser og meget andet.

Description: Criticism of the White Australia Policy and the treatment of Asian immigrants, including migrant labourers and veterans of the Second World War.

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