New Releases by David Kirk

From February 1967 to April 1968, David Vaughan flew the Lockheed C-130 Hercules in Southeast Asia. Initially a co-pilot, he moved up to aircraft commander and then instructor pilot as he mastered the challenges of landing on very short, unimproved airstrips in difficult terrain and bad weather. He describes his progression from inexperienced novice to veteran flyer as he learned his trade under combat conditions. Vaughan''s airlift missions took him to more than 50 fields in South Vietnam, from the Delta in the south to the DMZ in the north, carrying supplies, mail, food, ammunition, and soldiers alive, wounded, and dead. Among his most harrowing flights were resupply missions into the U.S. Marine base at Khe Sanh during the most intensive days of the 1968 Tet offensive. This expanded and revised edition of his memoir details several additional episodes and features more than twice as many photographs as appeared in the original edition.

This book is a concise, practical introduction to Models-based Practice (MbP), a transformative approach to physical education and sport pedagogy that uses multiple pedagogical models in the design and delivery of physical education programs. The book introduces the core concepts underpinning the MbP approach – including models such as teaching games for understanding, sport education, cooperative learning and health-based physical education – and examines its significance for teaching, learning, curriculum and assessment. With an emphasis on evidence-based practice and student learning, and full of practical tips and features to encourage critical thinking, the book explains how to develop successful, flexible and sustainable MbP programs that can deliver real educational and health and well-being benefits for children and young people, in schools or in after-school or community-based settings. Applying Models-based Practice in Physical Education is intended for current and prospective teachers of physical education who are responsible for organising and enacting programs at all grade levels. It will also be of interest to researchers, students and other sport pedagogy practitioners, such as coaches who are looking for new and innovative ways of working with children and young people.

This book explores and formulates a response to the question: How best can those held in modern systems of mass incarceration be cared for pastorally when many prisons diminish both hope and humanity? Employing the multi-disciplinary approach of practical theology, this ethnographic enquiry will be a guide for chaplains and all who strive to embody compassion wherever human flourishing is undermined. The book’s structure follows the pastoral cycle method from practical theology, remaining context-based and practice-focused throughout. Pastoral insights are illustrated with personal, poetic and movingly reflective material drawn from the lived experience of indeterminately sentenced men who did not know if or when they would be ever released. The author, a former prison chaplain, remains reflexively and humanely present in the text, modelling the profound humane regard and pastoral presence that is central to this work. This book will take the reader deeply into penal spaces on a journey of both compassion and hope.

La obra ''Educación Física y Currículum. Introducción crítica'' aparece dentro de la literatura hispana específica en un momento en que el estudio del currículum despierta un gran interés dentro del mundo de la educación fisica española. Sin embargo, debemos recordar que la preocupación por los temas del currículum en la educación fisica surge, desde sus inicios, en conexión con la génesis del currículum como campo de estudio alrededor de los años veinte del siglo XX.

This book offers a comprehensive synthesis of over 40 years of research on models in physical education to suggest Models-based Practice (MbP) as an innovative future approach to physical education. It lays out the ideal conditions for MbP to flourish by situating pedagogical models at the core of physical education programs and allowing space for local agency and the co-construction of practice. Starting from the premise that true MbP does not yet exist, the book makes a case for the term "pedagogical model" over alternatives such as curriculum model and instructional model, and explains how learners’ cognitive, social, affective and psychomotor needs should be organised in ways that are distinctive and unique to each model. It examines the core principles underpinning the pedagogical models that make up MbP, including pedagogical models as organising centres for program design and as design specifications for developing local programs. The book also explores how a common structure can be applied to analyse pedagogical models at macro, meso and micro levels of discourse. Having created a language through which to talk about pedagogical models and MbP, the book concludes by identifying the conditions - some existing and some aspirational - under which MbP can prosper in reforming physical education. An essential read for academics, doctoral and post-graduate students, and pre-service and in-service teachers, Models-based Practice in Physical Education is a vital point of reference for anyone who is interested in pedagogical models and wants to embrace this potential future of physical education.

This unflinching analysis explains the nature of precarity and its detrimental effects on the health and wellbeing of young people. It exposes physical educators’ unpreparedness to provide inclusive, fair and equitable forms of physical education that might empower young people to overcome the mal effects of precarity. Following a thorough analysis and critique of critical pedagogy, David Kirk advocates for critical pedagogies of affect as physical education’s response to precarity, providing detailed outlines of these pedagogies and their grounding in research. He argues that now more than ever physical educators need to be alive to the serious social and economic challenges that shape young people’s health, happiness and life chances. This bold and provocative book is essential reading for all researchers in the field of physical education and health education pedagogy, as well as teacher educators, curriculum policy makers, and other professionals who work with young people living in precarity.

Sunny Patch School Was the best place to goTo study the lessons All bugs ought to know.When the first day of school arrives, Little Miss Spider is almost beside herself with excitement. She gobbles her breakfast ("a fresh flower plate") and runs all the way to Sunny Patch School. But poor Miss Spider is in for a day of frustration. She can''t seem to master the new lessons: dung digging, leaf drilling, stinging, or flying. As the day draws to a close, Miss Spider bemoans her lack of skills. Isn''t there anything she can do well? We are all soon to find out...

Como el título lo indica, un aspecto clave de la propuesta es la perspectiva reflexiva, planteada a veces con foco en la propia materia para apelar a la reformulación de sus fines, sus medios o sus principios disciplinarios, otras veces dirigida al docente, considerado como un sujeto capacitado para conducir su desarrollo profesional y modificar sus concepciones y actuaciones. Sin embargo, la reflexión que aquí se postula no quiere ni puede sustituir a la experiencia y a la acción, características fundamentales de la motricidad. Precisamente, el "giro reflexivo" supone que la motricidad no debe ser desvalorizada. El lugar de la Educación Física en la sociedad contemporánea, el papel del cuerpo en los procesos de identidad individual y social, las relaciones entre motricidad y cultura, entre actividad física y salud, el impacto de la formación inicial de los profesores en la identidad profesional, el cuestionamiento y el replanteo de la metodología y la didáctica de la Educación Física, los formatos de evaluación, son algunos de los temas en los que se centran las diferentes colaboraciones, cuya finalidad parece ser, pese a sus diversos terrenos y situaciones de origen, la de reflejar el estado de la cuestión en los tiempos que corren.

Some new information to give to a convict so they can be armed with some knowledge along with that desire to do better.

Japon, 1600. Musashi Miyamoto était le plus grand guerrier de tous les temps. Avant que lui et ses hommes ne soient vaincus lors de la bataille de Sekigahara qui a vu les Armées de l''Est renverser l''ancien pouvoir. Survivant mais seul, Musashi doute. Jusqu''alors, il avait vécu et combattu comme un samouraï, fier de sa tradition, loyal aux préceptes de la Voie. Depuis sa défaite, se soumettre aux exigences de l''Honneur, l''une des sept vertus du samouraï, signifie se donner la mort. Et Musashi veut vivre. Mais, considéré comme un ennemi de la nation, sa tête est mise à prix. S''il a renoncé à la violence, il lui faut se protéger et préparer sa vengeance contre ceux qui veulent sa mort. Pour cela, il n''a qu''un adage : « Le sabre donne la vie. Le sabre donne la mort. » Après le somptueux Samouraï, David Kirk livre une épopée captivante du Japon au XVIIe siècle et fait revivre une figure emblématique : le guerrier de légende Musashi Miyamoto, auteur du célèbre Traité des Cinq Roues. « Musashi est un personnage inoubliable et, avec ce roman, David Kirk est en passe de devenir un maître de la fiction historique. » Booklist

This joyful story and picture book about creativity and acceptance will touch little monsters and their families, especially those who love TRUCKS! Everyone in Truckeroo Must drive a truck—the children too. The very day that kids are born They''re handed tailpipes, wheels, a horn Meet the little monsters of Truckeroo! The kids all have trucks that suit their personalities—big trucks, small trucks, loud trucks, quiet trucks. Families help them build and care for their trucks. And they get to bring them to school!

Un grande romanzo storico Sopravvissuto alla battaglia di Sekigahara, dove decine di migliaia di soldati sono rimasti sul campo, il giovane samurai Musashi Miyamoto, ormai solo, deve guardare in faccia il futuro. Non senza dolore decide di abbandonare la Via, si dichiara un “senza padrone” e conduce una vita ai margini. Ciò che un tempo gli sembrava degno di rispetto e onorevole ora gli appare frutto di superstizione. Ma nonostante tutto il suo nome è ancora sulla lista di coloro che hanno offeso Yoshioka, e anche se ora Miyamoto ha rinnegato la violenza, dovrà trovare il modo di difendersi e salvarsi la vita. Un racconto epico di dedizione, onore e tenacia «Un romanzo affascinante, avvincente e ben scritto. Kirk riesce a creare personaggi di grande intensità. Un vero gioiello.» Conn Iggulden, autore di Il soldato di Roma «Il libro più atteso dell’anno! (...) Una vera scoperta.» Anthony Riches, autore di L’impero «Uno straordinario esordio. Da non perdere.» Steve Berry, autore di Il terzo segreto David Kirk è nato a Peterborough ed è cresciuto a Stamford, nel Lincolnshire, ma attualmente vive a Sendai, in Giappone, dove insegna inglese. Il suo interesse per la storia giapponese è nato quando, all’età di dodici anni, ha letto il romanzo Shogun di James Clavell. Dopo L’onore del samurai, il suo straordinario romanzo d’esordio, la saga da lui ideata prosegue ora con La spada del samurai.

Being a teenager has so many things going on all at once. Social dynamics are developing at the same time as puberty and you are supposed to be learning math, science and language arts, sports, girls, boys, mean people, school drama, & sex. All this with no real experience to speak of or to draw from. I am writing this book as a survival guide to the hardest part of life you will ever have to face, your teen years.

IN THE EPIC HISTORICAL NOVEL SWORD OF HONOR, DAVID KIRK CONTINUES THE SAGA OF MUSASHI MIYAMOTO, THE GREATEST SWORDSMAN IN JAPANESE HISTORY, AS HE JOURNEYS TO THE ANCIENT CITY OF KYOTO TO FIGHT FOR HIS LIFE AND HIS IDEALS. Having survived the cataclysmic battle of Sekigahara, which established the mighty Tokugawa Shogunate, young Musashi Miyamoto travels through Japan determined to proclaim his revolutionary epiphany that the “way of the samurai,” the ancient code that binds warriors to their masters, needs to be abolished. But during the battle Musashi insulted an adept of the powerful Yoshioka school, and a price has been put on his head. Musashi is drawn to Kyoto, domain of the Yoshioka, driven by anger and certain that he will deal a crushing blow to the traditional samurai dogma by destroying the school. Musashi will learn, however, that the capital of the nation is rife with intrigue and potential rebellion against the newly established government, a struggle into which he unwittingly enters. Among other outcasts, Musashi will find the worth of his spectacular skill with the sword weighed against the deep cunning of manipulative Lords, and must make his reckoning with the Yoshioka, the way of the samurai, and ultimately his own nature. Only then will he be able to take one step closer to becoming the wise old sage who wrote The Book of Five Rings. Sword of Honor seamlessly blends meticulous research, mesmerizing action sequences, and a driving narrative to bring this extraordinary figure to life.

War has destroyed all he knew. Now he must find a new way to live. The second Samurai adventure from David Kirk, perfect for fans of Conn Iggulden. Musashi Miyamoto''s reputation precedes him. He is known as the greatest warrior of all time. But all that must change for Miyamoto and his men have been defeated in the great battle of Sekigahara. Tens of thousands of men lie slaughtered and the Armies of the East have claimed a glorious victory. And now, alone but alive, he must contemplate his future. Until this moment he has lived and fought as a Samurai, proud of its ancient tradition, following The Way with honour. But in defeat he must question everything, and what he once saw as honour he now sees as ignorance. But tradition is strong and he is just one man. But though he seeks to throw off the past, the past will not let him go. His name is on a list of those who have dishonoured the Yoshioka warriors, and a man has been sent to claim is head in their name. And so, though he renounces violence, he must protect himself and seek revenge on those who would have him dead… Praise for Child of Vengeance: ''A fascinating, exciting book, beautifully observed. Kirkcreates characters of great depth. An absolute gem'' Conn Iggulden ''This is the book I''ve been waiting for all year! Razor sharp samurai action coupled with a brutally realistic vision of life in sixteenth-century Japan, a real find'' Anthony Riches ''Mr Kirk restores my faith in historical fiction to bring lost worlds to life. Bravo! The keenest and most vivid evocation of the inner life of the East since James Clavell''s Shogun''Steven Pressfield, author of Gates of Fire ''A brilliant piece of historical fiction - loaded with treachery and betrayal - that pulses with life. This one is going to find an honoured place on so many a keeper shelf. It''s a must-read debut from an exciting new voice'' Steve Berry, author of The Templar Legacyand The Columbus Affair

In this powerfully argued and progressive study, Kimberly Oliver and David Kirk call for a radical reconstruction of the teaching of physical education for girls. Despite forty years of theorization and practical intervention, girls are still disengaging from physical education, dropping out of physical activity, and suffering negative consequences in terms of their health and well-being as a result. This book challenges the conventional narrative that girls are somehow to blame for this disengagement, and instead identifies important new ways of working with girls, developing a new pedagogical model for ‘girl-friendly’ physical education. The book locates our understanding of the experiences of girls in physical education in the broader context of young people’s multifaceted engagements with popular physical culture. Adopting an activist perspective, it outlines a programme of action informed by principled pragmatism and based on four critical elements: student-centred pedagogy; critical study of embodiment; inquiry-based physical education centred-in-action, and listening and responding to girls over time. It explores the implications of this new thinking for teaching, research, PETE and policy, and outlines a future agenda for work in this area. Offering a profound theoretical critique of contemporary research and practice, as well as a new programme of action, Girls, Gender and Physical Education is essential reading for all researchers, advanced students and practitioners with an interest in the issues of gender, equity and inclusion in physical education.

Billy learns the importance of sharing & that people matter more than things.

Dragon knows he is supposed to be brave—because that''s what dragons do. He''s so brave and valiant, he''s ready to try out his fearsome roar! But when he hears something that scares him, he turns to his forest friends to find the noise, and to help him be brave. Young readers will relate to Dragon''s fears, and delight in his quest to be brave. Bestselling author/artist David Kirk, creator of the popular Miss Spider series, has created another beautiful, meaningful picture book to follow Oh So Tiny Bunny.

''Een fascinerend en intrigerend boek... Een juweeltje.'' - Conn Iggulden ''Kirk bewijst een waardig samoeraischrijver te zijn, het boek bruist van de adrenaline.'' - Publishers Weekly Leerling. Krijger. Samoerai. Zijn naam was Bennosuke, zoon van de grote Munisai Shinmen, die eind zestiende eeuw in het keizerrijk bekendstaat als een van de grootste krijgers die ooit geleefd heeft. Het was zijn lot om, net zoals zijn vader, een grote krijger te worden. Een samoerai, een van de meest gevreesde en gerespecteerde ter wereld. Maar als tiener leidt hij een eenzaam leven. Zijn moeder is gestorven toen hij nog klein was en zijn vader Munisai, die samoerai is, heeft hem verlaten om zijn meester Shinmen te dienen. Bennosuke is opgevoed door zijn oom Dorinbo, een Shinto-monnik die hem op het hart drukt geweld te vermijden en net zoals hij een teruggetrokken leven te leiden. Maar Bennosuke aanbidt zijn afwezige vader, vooraanstaand krijger in Shinmens leger. Nieuwe allianties leiden ertoe dat Munisai schuldplichtig wordt aan de gehate Nakata-clan. De escalerende gevolgen van deze vete zorgen ervoor dat ook Bennosuke zich gedwongen ziet het pad van de samoerai te betreden. Hij begint aan een reis die hem leidt naar de historische slag van Sekigahara, waar zal blijken of Bennosuke in de voetsporen van zijn vader zal treden...

The Curriculum is the focal point for the study of educational practice. It is the area in which individual, group and societal needs and interests meet and is consequently the source of much friction and contention. This book, first published in 1988, introduces students to some of the major points of debate; in particular, the role of curriculum-based study in the development of physical education and the credibility of the subject as an educational activity. David Kirk emphasises the beneficial effects of physical education and suggests ways in which instructive programmes can be created. A practical and interesting title, this reissue will be of particular value to students and teachers of sport science, and educational practitioners more generally.

Il deviendra un guerrier. Une légende. Un samouraï. A treize ans, Bennosuke n''a qu''un rêve : devenir un grand guerrier à l''image de son père, l''un des samouraïs les plus redoutés et les plus respectés du Japon. Mais avant d''accéder à la gloire, il doit prouver qu''il est digne d''un tel héritage. La voie du sabre est faite de sang, de vengeance, d''héroïsme. Le jeune garçon l''apprendra, parfois à ses dépens, avant de remettre en question des siècles de tradition : pourquoi un samouraï devrait-il préférer la mort au déshonneur ? Quel prix devra-t-il payer pour entrer dans l''Histoire sous le nom de Musashi Miyamoto ? Autour de la figure emblématique du légendaire samouraï Musashi Miyamoto, auteur du Traité des cinq roues, David Kirk brosse la fresque étincelante du Japon du XVIIe siècle, marqué par des codes moraux immémoriaux et des combats épiques, à la culture aussi cruelle que raffinée. Un roman fascinant dans la lignée de Shogun de James Clavell ou du Ran de Kurosawa.

The purpose of the research will be to determine if CT examinations increased over the last 15 years even though referring physicians are aware of the potential risk to patients being exposed to increased ionizing radiation.

Kämpfer Sein Name ist Bennosuke. Seine Bestimmung: ein großer Samurai zu werden, bewundert und gefürchtet im japanischen Reich. Legende Furchtlos kämpft er im Duell – und siegt. Doch den schändlichen Mord an seinem Vater kann er nicht verhindern. Bennosuke muss fliehen. Samurai Fortan hat er nur noch ein Ziel: unter dem Kämpfernamen Musashi Miyamoto den Tod seines Vaters zu rächen ... «Ein faszinierendes, aufwühlendes Buch, Kirk schafft Charaktere von großer Tiefe. Ein echtes Juwel.» (Conn Iggulden, Bestsellerautor) «Fliegt dahin wie ein flink geführtes, glitzerndes Katana-Schwert ... Informativ und fesselnd – schlicht: ein richtiger Lesespaß.» (Library Journal) «Kirk brodelt in seinen Beschreibungen – von den großen Schlachtfeldern bis hin zum rituellen Selbstmord – geradezu vor Energie. Er zeigt das feudale Japan als eine komplexe Kultur, in der Hinterlist und Poesie unentbehrlich, Tod und Vergeltung unausweichlich sind.» (Publishers Weekly)

Honour, duty, vengeance... The way of the Samurai. A thrilling new adventure from a bold new voice in historical fiction, for fans of Conn Iggulden Scholar. Warrior. Samurai. His name was Bennosuke, son of the great Munisai Shinmen, known throughout the empire as one of the greatest warriors who ever lived. His destiny was to become a great warrior like his father - a Samurai, one of the most feared and respected in the world. But before fame comes action, and Bennosuke must prove himself on the battlefield before he can claim his inheritance. And in his way stands the vengeful Hayato, son of Lord Nakata, the face of the enemy, a man who is determined to kill Bennosuke. It is a battle between honour and vengeance, pride and reputation. And Bennosuke must look death in the eye before he can call himself a warrior. Before he can call himself Musashi, the greatest warrior of all time… ''A fascinating, exciting book, beautifully observed. Kirkcreates characters of great depth. An absolute gem'' Conn Iggulden ''Mr Kirk restores my faith in historical fiction to bring lost worlds to life. Bravo! The keenest and most vivid evocation of the inner life of the East since James Clavell''s Shogun''Steven Pressfield, author of Gates of Fire

La straordinaria storia del più grande samurai di tutti i tempi Figlio di un guerriero. Padre della leggenda. Un grande romanzo che narra la straordinaria storia del ragazzo nato guerriero e diventato leggenda. Giappone, XVII secolo. Nel remoto villaggio di Miyamoto, nella provincia di Harima, vive Bennosuke, figlio del grande Munisai Shinmen, uno dei più valorosi guerrieri dell’impero. Ha tredici anni, sua madre è morta in un misterioso incendio, mentre suo padre ha abbandonato il villaggio dopo la tragedia, otto anni prima, e non ha fatto più ritorno. Di lui si prende cura lo zio Dorinbo, un monaco che spera che il ragazzo rifiuti la violenza e scelga invece la via della spiritualità e della contemplazione. Nel frattempo, però, Bennosuke si allena nelle arti della guerra sotto la guida di Tasumi, un anziano samurai. Quando un giorno, all’improvviso, il padre ferito torna a casa, il ragazzo decide che è arrivato il momento di reclamare la sua eredità: diventerà un samurai. Ma prima della gloria viene la battaglia, e Bennosuke dovrà guardare la morte negli occhi per poter essere chiamato Musashi Miyamoto, il più grande guerriero di tutti i tempi. Un''appassionante storia di dedizione, onore e tenacia L''epica storia del ragazzo che divenne il più grande samurai di tutti i tempi David Kirk ha 26 anni. Inglese, è nato a Peterborough ed è cresciuto a Stamford, nel Lincolnshire. Il suo interesse per la storia giapponese è nato quando, all’età di dodici anni, ha letto il romanzo Shogun di James Clavell. Vive e lavora a Sendai, nel nord-est del Giappone, come insegnante di inglese. L’onore del samurai è il suo straordinario romanzo d’esordio, di cui arriverà presto il seguito.

During the day, Oh So Tiny Bunny is very, very small. But at night, he dreams of being big—as big as a dragon, or even a mountain! At first, that''s fine, but then he feels lonely. There''s no one to share it with. Are there no other bunnies so big as him? Every small child dreams of the day they will grow up to be big, but in this book David Kirk reminds us that sometimes . . . it''s not so bad being small.

This sequel to Graphics Gems (Academic Press, 1990), and Graphics Gems II (Academic Press, 1991) is a practical collection of computer graphics programming tools and techniques. Graphics Gems III contains a larger percentage of gems related to modeling and rendering, particularly lighting and shading. This new edition also covers image processing, numerical and programming techniques, modeling and transformations, 2D and 3D geometry and algorithms,ray tracing and radiosity, rendering, and more clever new tools and tricks for graphics programming. Volume III also includes a disk containing source codes for either the IBM or Mac versions featuring all code from Volumes I, II, and III. Author David Kirk lends his expertise to the Graphics Gems series in Volume III with his far-reaching knowledge of modeling and rendering, specifically focusing on the areas of lighting and shading. Volume III includes a disk containing source codes for both the IBM and Mac versions featuring all code from volumes I, II, and III. Graphics Gems I, II, and III are sourcebooks of ideas for graphics programmers. They also serve as toolboxes full of useful tricks and techniques for novice programmers and graphics experts alike. Each volume reflects the personality and particular interests of its respective editor. - Includes a disk containing source codes for both the IBM and Mac versions featuring code from volumes I, II, and III - Features all new graphics gems - Explains techniques for making computer graphics implementations more efficient - Emphasizes physically based modeling, rendering, radiosity, and ray tracing - Presents techniques for making computer graphics implementations more efficient

First published in 1992, David Kirk’s book analyses the public debate leading up to the 1987 General Election over the place and purpose of physical education in British schools. By locating this debate in a historical context, specifically in the period following the end of the Second World War, it attempts to illustrate how the meaning of school physical education and its aims, content and pedagogy were contested by a number of vying groups. It stresses the influence of the culture of postwar social reconstruction in shaping these groups’ ideas about physical education. Through this analysis, the book attempts to explain how physical education has been socially constructed during the postwar years and, more specifically, to suggest how the subject came to be used as a symbol of subversive, left wing values in the campaign leading to the 1987 election. In more general terms, the book provides a case study of the social construction of school knowledge. The book takes an original approach to the question of curriculum change in physical education, building on increasing interest in historical research in the field of curriculum studies. It adopts a social constructionist perspective, arguing that change occurs through the active involvement of competing groups in struggles over limited material and ideological (discursive) resources. It also draws on contemporary developments in social and cultural theory, particularly the concepts of discourse and ideological hegemony, to explain how the meaning of physical education has been constructed, and how particular definitions of the subject have become orthodoxes. The book presents new historical evidence from a period which had previously been neglected by researchers, despite the fact that 1945 marked a watershed in the development of the understanding and teaching of physical education in schools.

Environmental Management for Hotels is a textbook for hospitality students that covers the relatively new field of environmental management. The reader is guided in how to make decisions which allow hotels to obtain optimum benefits for the environment whilst not threatening their own financial viability. Students are given an understanding of both the concepts and practical implications of environmental challenges relating to hotels. The case study material incorporated ties in theory with real life, and provides an international context. The text emphasizes supervisory issues which relate to the management of hospitality operations in ways which are sensitive to the impact on the environment. The main areas of environmental management featured are: *water *energy *the indoor environment *materials and waste.