New Releases by Jonathan Haidt

Ética é o assunto do momento. A abordagem de Jonathan Haidt, embora localizada à geografia humana estadunidense, é um viés de análise da moralidade bem contemporâneo e que rompe em muitos momentos com o que o mundo acadêmico tem se debatido há séculos. Seu escopo é a defesa de que o raciocíonio moral é sempre e tão somente mera reação justificatória para fins reputacionais. Fazemos o que fazemos não por critérios metafísicos de certo e errado, mas por automatismos adquiridos evolucionariamente em paralelo com o desenvolvimento de tradições culturais - grupais - mais eficazes em durar mais tempo e produzir mais descendentes. Obviamente, a obra navega contra as marés fundamentalistas à esquerda e à direita sem naufragar em preferências ideológicas absolutas, tentando demonstrar que a moralidade é mais um jogo de resiliência e sobrevivência, uma arte para a convivência saudável. Criticado por conservadores e liberais ao mesmo tempo, Haidt consegue dar um passo à frente no desenvolvimento de uma "psicologia moral" que pode substituir tranquilamente as mais vetustas "filosofias morais". Fica a seu critério inventar desculpas (justificativas reputacionais) para ler ou não ler. Eis a questão.

To understand what drives the rift that divides our populace between liberal and conservative, social psychologist Jonathan Haidt has spent twenty-five years examining the moral foundations that undergird and inform two differing world views: the political left and right place different values of importance on order, care, fairness, loyalty, authority, and liberty. From one of our keenest dissectors of moral systems, Why Do They Vote That Way? explains how deeply ingrained moral systems have estranged conservatives and liberals from one another while crossing the political divide in a search for understanding the miracle of human cooperation. A Vintage Shorts Selection. An ebook short.

Something is going wrong on many college campuses in the last few years. Rates of anxiety, depression, and suicide are rising. Speakers are shouted down. Students and professors say they are walking on eggshells and afraid to speak honestly. How did this happen? First Amendment expert Greg Lukianoff and social psychologist Jonathan Haidt show how the new problems on campus have their origins in three terrible ideas that have become increasingly woven into American childhood and education: what doesn’t kill you makes you weaker; always trust your feelings; and life is a battle between good people and evil people. These three Great Untruths are incompatible with basic psychological principles, as well as ancient wisdom from many cultures. They interfere with healthy development. Anyone who embraces these untruths—and the resulting culture of safetyism—is less likely to become an autonomous adult able to navigate the bumpy road of life. Lukianoff and Haidt investigate the many social trends that have intersected to produce these untruths. They situate the conflicts on campus in the context of America’s rapidly rising political polarization, including a rise in hate crimes and off-campus provocation. They explore changes in childhood including the rise of fearful parenting, the decline of unsupervised play, and the new world of social media that has engulfed teenagers in the last decade. This is a book for anyone who is confused by what is happening on college campuses today, or has children, or is concerned about the growing inability of Americans to live, work, and cooperate across party lines.

As America descends deeper into polarization and paralysis, social psychologist Jonathan Haidt has done the seemingly impossible—he has explained the origins of morality, politics, and religion in a way that speaks to everyone on the political spectrum. Drawing on twenty-five years of groundbreaking research, Haidt shows why liberals, conservatives, and libertarians have such different intuitions about right and wrong, and why we need the insights of each if we are to flourish as a nation. Here is the key to understanding the miracle of human cooperation and the eternal curse of moralistic aggression, across the political divide and around the world. A Vintage Shorts Selection. An ebook short.

道德之刃 凝聚人心亦使人目盲 每個人在談到心中視為神聖的目標時，都是目盲得無法視物。 為什麼（自己以外的）每個人都好像是偽君子？ 人類的本質不僅是講道德，同時也愛說教、愛批評、愛論斷，著迷於正義，最後必然會變得自以為是——我是對的，你是錯的——造成二元對立的分裂局面。政治與宗教就是兩大角力場，人們相互打鬥，彷彿世界的命運有賴於我們這方贏得每一場戰役。 社會心理學家強納森．海德特運用了二十五年來在道德心理學領域的開創研究，證明道德判斷並非源於理性，而是源於直覺。我們的心智一分為二，理性的騎象人就是要服侍情緒的大象，騎象人為大象直覺噁心或神聖的事物編造出各種論據理由，從而做出道德判斷。什麼才是合乎正義？以牙還牙、以眼還眼？還是己所不欲、勿施於人？道德的基本原則如同舌頭有六種味覺受體：關懷、公平、忠誠、權威、聖潔與自由，組合成世上林林總總的道德母體。道德母體相近的人走在一起形成團體，我們先天既是自私的黑猩猩，但同時也是「人人為我，我為人人」的蜜蜂，為保蜂巢擊退入侵者，犧牲小我也在所不惜。蜜蜂般的天性促成了利他主義、英雄主義，也帶來了戰爭、種族屠殺⋯⋯。 道德凝聚人心，卻也令人目盲得看不見事實。本書以神經科學、遺傳學、社會心理學、演化模型等的最新研究結果，闡釋人類難以和睦相處的原因。想要瞭解自身、自身的侷限與潛力，那麼就先放下自己的那一套道德主義，運用心理學的技巧，分析大家正在玩的這場遊戲。 大家都應該要自知，自己其實是個自以為是的偽君子。 ■ 《象與騎象人》作者改革道德心理學著作。 ■ 人類的道德、正義感從何而來？ ■ 道德的多樣化為何這麼容易就讓一群好人分裂成幾群互有敵意、又不想相互瞭解的群體？ ■ 自由派和保守派心理特點與道德觀有何不同？為什麼右翼政治人物具有先天優勢，能烹調出選民喜愛的菜餚？ ■ 身處由政治與宗教所引起兩極化的世界，我們其實可運用心理學技巧去掉自己眼中「正義」之刺，使大家融洽相處。 ■ 本書獲以下學會、媒體選為年度好書： 2012年 英國心理學會 The British Psychological Society 《衛報》Guardian（心理學類暢銷書） 《展望》雜誌Prospect Magazine 《子午線》雜誌Meridian Magazine 《商業策略》雜誌Strategy+Business（最佳商業類書籍） 《至善》雜誌Greater Good Magazine 2013年 人格與社會心理學學會The Society of Personality and Social Psychology（媒體書籍大獎） 索卡洛廣場書獎Zócalo Book Prize

Henrich and colleagues (2010) summarized cultural differences in psychology and argued that people from one particular culture are outliers: people from societies that are Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD). In this study, we show that liberals think WEIRDer than conservatives. In five studies with more than 3,000 participants, we found that liberals think more analytically (an element of WEIRD thought) than moderates and conservatives -- even in China. We found that social liberals had more analytic perception in the framed-line task (Kitayama, Duffy, Kawamura, & Larsen, 2003) and categorized objects more analytically on the triad task, which asks participants to categorize a group of objects based on either abstract categories or intuitive relation (Ji, Zhang, & Nisbett, 2004). Social politics predicted thought style much better than economic and overall political identity. Studies 4 and 5 showed that briefly training people to think analytically made them form a more liberal opinion on welfare, whereas training them to think holistically made them form a more conservative opinion.

Proč jsou v lidském jednání a rozhodování takové rozdíly? Jakou roli hraje v našem uvažování a rozhodování morálka? Tyto nelehké otázky, i to jak lidé dospívají ke svým názorům na politická, ale i mnohá další důležitá témata, zkoumá ve svém bestselleru psycholog Jonathan Haidt. Nejdříve shrnuje teorie starých filozofů a postupně se dostává až k současnosti, kdy spolu soupeří dva názory na původ morálky: Je morálka vrozená, nebo je dána především zkušenostmi, jež získáváme v dětství? Pokud je vrozená, tak jak to, že se lidské pohledy na různá morální témata napříč kulturami liší? A pokud je získaná, čím to, že v ní lze bez ohledu na rozdílnost kultur vystopovat určitý opakující se vzorec? Skutečnost je spíš taková, že naše morální úsudky jsou výsledkem intuice a rozumové uvažování přichází až dodatečně. Jsme tedy spíše cosi jako „intuitivní právníci“ – své rozumové uvažování nepoužíváme k nacházení pravdy, ale k k tomu, abychom obhájili názor, jejž vytvořila naše intuice. Haidt svůj odborný text velice čtivě prokládá vyprávěním o svém životě. Přibližuje své dětství, jež ho nasměrovalo k levici a liberalismu, i studijní pobyt v Indii, který ho přiměl vystoupit z navyklého stereotypu. Popisuje pět základů morálky a vysvětluje, proč sympatizantům levice záleží především na dvou z nich a proč se naopak morálka příznivců pravice většinou opírá rovnoměrně o všech pět základů. A přibližuje i to, jaká nedorozumění z toho vznikají. Dokáže tato kniha zúžit zvětšující se propast mezi individualistickými a sociocentrickými společnostmi a potažmo i mezi politickou levicí a pravicí?

NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • The #1 bestselling author of The Anxious Generation and acclaimed social psychologist challenges conventional thinking about morality, politics, and religion in a way that speaks to conservatives and liberals alike—a “landmark contribution to humanity’s understanding of itself” (The New York Times Book Review). Drawing on his twenty-five years of groundbreaking research on moral psychology, Jonathan Haidt shows how moral judgments arise not from reason but from gut feelings. He shows why liberals, conservatives, and libertarians have such different intuitions about right and wrong, and he shows why each side is actually right about many of its central concerns. In this subtle yet accessible book, Haidt gives you the key to understanding the miracle of human cooperation, as well as the curse of our eternal divisions and conflicts. If you’re ready to trade in anger for understanding, read The Righteous Mind.

An investigation into the origins of morality, which turns out to be the basis for religion and politics, explains the American culture wars, and refutes the "New Atheists."

D''un côté : dix grandes idées, découvertes à différents moments et différents endroits par les civilisations qui peuplent notre Terre. De l''autre : les plus récentes avancées scientifiques en matière de psychologie. De cette confrontation entre philosophie, religion et psychologie, Jonathan Haidt propose de tirer un ensemble de leçons qui peuvent s''appliquer à notre vie de tous les jours. Partant des résultats de la recherche moderne sur le bonheur, illustrés par des anecdotes de la vie quotidienne, Haidt décrit la manière dont nous fonctionnons avec les autres, mais aussi avec nous-mêmes. Il nous guide habilement dans ce voyage entre passé et présent tout en commentant avec humour et pédagogie les méandres des théories psychologiques. Une exploration dont on conclura que la meilleure des vies est, sans doute, celle où l''on parvient à équilibrer les contraires.

Researchers in moral psychology and social justice have agreed that morality is about matters of harm, rights, and justice. With this definition of morality, conservative opposition to social justice programs has appeared to be immoral, and has been explained as a product of various non-moral processes, such as system justification or social dominance orientation. In this article we argue that, from an anthropological perspective, the moral domain is usually much broader, encompassing many more aspects of social life and valuing institutions as much or more than individuals. We present theoretical and empirical reasons for believing that there are in fact five psychological systems that provide the foundations for the world''s many moralities. The five foundations are psychological preparations for detecting and reacting emotionally to issues related to harm/care, fairness/reciprocity, ingroup/loyalty, authority/respect, and purity/sanctity. Political liberals have moral intuitions primarily based upon the first two foundations, and therefore misunderstand the moral motivations of political conservatives, who generally rely upon all five foundations.

"The most brilliant and lucid analysis of virtue and well-being in the entire literature of positive psychology. For the reader who seeks to understand happiness, my advice is: Begin with Haidt." —Martin E.P. Seligman, University of Pennsylvania and author of Authentic Happiness The Happiness Hypothesis is a book about ten Great Ideas. Each chapter is an attempt to savor one idea that has been discovered by several of the world''s civilizations—to question it in light of what we now know from scientific research, and to extract from it the lessons that still apply to our modern lives and illuminate the causes of human flourishing. Award-winning psychologist Jonathan Haidt shows how a deeper understanding of the world''s philosophical wisdom and its enduring maxims—like "do unto others as you would have others do unto you," or "what doesn''t kill you makes you stronger"—can enrich and transform our lives.

Encontrar la felicidad y el sentido de la vida, tareas que motivaron el quehacer de la filosofía en sus orígenes, son ahora motivo de intensas y apasionantes investigaciones en el campo de la psicología positiva. Jonathan Haidt ha aceptado el reto mayúsculo de abordar estas cuestiones y de darles respuesta, a través de un método que auna un sano eclecticismo, brillantez expositiva y rigurosidad científica. La hipótesis de la felicidad se cimienta en Diez Grandes Ideas que Haidt encontró en los textos de sabiduría antigua de tres grandes zonas del pensamiento clásico: India (por ejemplo, los Upanishad, el Bhagavad Gita o los proverbios de Buda), China (las Analectas de Confucio, el Tao te Ching o los escritos de Mencio) y las culturas del Mediterráneo (el Viejo y Nuevo Testamento, los filósofos griegos y latinos, el Corán). Capítulo a capítulo Haidt desgrana cada una de estas ideas clásicas descubiertas por varias civilizaciones contrastándolas con los hallazgos de la investigación contemporánea. El resultado es una guía de autoayuda enriquecedora, llena de frescura e inteligencia, que muestra con claridad los pasos a seguir en nuestro camino hacia la felicidad.